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Danish is a Scandinavian language related closely to Swedish and Norwegian, and more distantly to Icelandic and Faroese as well as to the other Germanic languages. However, Danish phonology is highly distinct from those found in these other languages. For example Danish has a suprasegmental feature known as stød to distinguish certain words. It also features extensive lenition of plosives, which is noticeably more common than in the neighboring languages. Because of that and a few other things, spoken Danish is rather hard to understand for Norwegians and Swedes, although they can easily read it. == Consonants == In distinct pronunciation it is possible to distinguish at least 20 consonants in most variants of Danish: * are bilabial, are labiodental, whereas is labialized velar. * have been variously described as apical alveolar 〔. The author states that are apical alveolar.〕 and laminal denti-alveolar .〔. The author states that are pronounced with "the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth." This is confirmed by the accompanying images.〕 * * Intervocalic between two unstressed vowels may be realized as flap . * are aspirated (in case of also strongly affricated) voiceless lenis in syllable onset: (hereafter transcribed as for simplicity). Aspiration is lost in syllable coda. * * For simplicity, the aspirated and affricated allophone of is often transcribed as /, i.e. as if it were just affricated. * * In some varieties of standard Danish (but not the Copenhagen dialect), is just aspirated, without the affrication. * are unaspirated voiceless lenis in syllable onset: . In syllable coda and sometimes are opened: . becomes after front vowels and after back vowels. * * Final may be realized as , in particular in distinct speech. In case of the alveolar plosive, in this position it may be either aspirated and affricated or just aspirated . * According to , ''all'' consonants are realized as lenis, not just the plosives. * The exact place of articulation of varies; it is more front (pre-velar) before front vowels, and more back (post-velar) before back vowels. Bornholmsk dialect features even stronger fronting of before front vowels, i.e. to palatal . * Voiceless continuants and are fricatives. * * is an apical alveolar non-retracted sibilant , but some speakers realize it as dental .〔〔. The author states that is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image.〕〔. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations.〕 It is always voiceless.〔 * * is only weakly fricated.〔 Between vowels, it is often voiced . * * occurs only after or . Since doesn't occur after these phonemes, can be analyzed as , which is devoiced after voiceless alveolar frication. This makes it unnecessary to postulate a -phoneme in Danish. * Among voiced continuants, the lateral is an approximant, whereas vary between being fricatives and approximants: * * is either a voiced fricative or, most often, a voiced approximant which, according to Nina Grønnum, is more accurately described as a short voiced labiodental plosive . * * is a voiced velarized laminal alveolar approximant (often transcribed ). It is weak, acoustically similar to or .〔 Very rarely, can be realised as a voiced laminal alveolar non-sibilant fricative .〔, cited in : "Only in a very distinct Danish - as from the stage of the Royal Theater - do we get a fricative."〕 * * * British phonetician John C. Wells commented on his blog about the quality of Danish that to him, it sounds "awfully like a lateral".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/11/danish.html )〕 * * * An acoustically similar sound (but apical rather than laminal) has been reported to occur as an intervocalic allophone of in the Dahalo language spoken in Kenya. * * is an approximant, but when it occurs word-finally after , it is articulated more strongly than usual, sometimes even as a fricative . * * An additional voiced continuant, namely the voiced velar fricative occurred in older Standard Danish. Some older speakers still use it in high register, but most often as an approximant . Young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish realize it in three ways: * * * (phonemically ) after back vowels and ;〔 * * * (phonemically ) after front vowels;〔 * * * (phonemically ) after .〔 * * has been variously described as: * * * Voiced uvular fricative or approximant . Initial is most often an approximant. According to Nina Grønnum, the fricative variant is voiceless .〔 * * * Voiced "supra-pharyngeal" approximant * * * Voiced pharyngeal approximant * * * When emphasising a word, word-initial may be realized as a voiced uvular trill fricative . * * The alveolar realization of is very rare; it occurs in some varieties of Jutlandic dialect, and only for some speakers (mostly the elderly). This realization is considered non-standard, even in classical opera singing ( asserts that this is probably the only European language in which this is the case).〔 * * are voiceless after aspirated , where the aspiration is realized as devoicing of the following sonorant. Note, however, that the sequence is normally realized as a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate . The Danish allophones can be analyzed into 15 distinctive consonant phonemes, , where have different pronunciation in syllable onset vs. syllable coda. Instances of can be analyzed as as it only occurs before or and isn't contrasting with . This makes it unnecessary to postulate an -phoneme in Danish. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Danish phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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